Zimbra CLI

Start, stop, status of the Zimbra servers.
zmcontrol
Performs mailbox management tasks
zmmailbox
Performs all provisioning tasks in Zimbra LDAP,
zmprov
example: zmprov sp adminname@domain.com password
zmprov ca namauser@domain.com password
zmprov sp namauser@domain.com New_Password
When you create an account, you may want to pre-create some tags and folders. You can invoke zmmailbox inside of zmprov by using “selectMailbox(sm)”

root@efrizal-laptop:/opt/zimbra# /opt/zimbra/bin/zmprov
prov> ca efri@mail.fery.ok password
953df672-097f-4b5c-b152-0d6e33232026
prov>
prov> sm efri@mail.fery.ok
mailbox: efri@mail.fery.ok, size: 0 B, messages: 0, unread: 0
mbox efri@mail.fery.ok>

To find the mailbox size for an account
zimbra@efrizal-laptop:~$ zmmailbox -z-m imi@mail.fery.ok gms
1.60 MB



Start, stop, or find the status of zimbra LDAP
ldap
Perform a search on an LDAP server
ldapsearch
Start, stop, or find the status of the MySql
logmysql
Start, stop the SQL instance for the logger
logmysql.server
Send myslqadmin commands to the logger mysql
logmysqladmin
Start, stop, find the status of the mailboxd server
mailboxd
Enters interactive command-line MySQL session
mysql
Start, stop the SQL instance for the mailbox
mysql.server
Send admin commands to MySQL
mysqladmin
Postfix command to view or modify the postfix
postconf
Start, stop, reload, flush, check, upgrade-
postfix
Lists the accounts and gives the status of
zmaccts
Start, stop, or find the status of the Amavis-D
zmamavisdctl
Sart, stop, reload, status for anti-spam service
zmantispamctl
Start, stop, reload, status for the anti-virus service
zmantivirusctl
Start, stop, status of Apache service (for spell
zmapachectl
Performs full backups and incremental backups
zmbackup
Stops a backup that is in process.
zmbackupabort
Find a specific full backup set
zmbackupquery
Start, stop, or find the status of Clam AV
zmclamdctl
Clean iPlanet ICS calendar files
zmcleaniplanetics
Start, stop, the conversion server or find the
zmconvertctl
manage self-signed and commercial certificates
zmcertmgr
General information about the server
zmdumpenv
Fixes calendar entries with incorrect TZ offset
zmfixtz
Find the hostname of the Zimbra server
zmhostname
Start, stop and status of a HSM session.
zmhsm
Execute Java with Zimbra-specific environment
zmjava
Changes the LDAP password
zmldappasswd
View and install your Zimbra license
zmlicense
testing tool
zmlmtpinject
Used to set or get the local configuration of a
zmlocalconfig
Zimbra server
Start, stop, reload, or find the status of the Zimbra
zmloggerctl
Start, stop, status of the swatch that is monitoring
zmlogswatchctl
logging
Start, stop, reload, or find the status of the
zmmailboxdctl
Used to move selected mailboxes from one
zmmailboxmove
zibra server to another.
Search across mailboxes to find messages and
zmmboxsearch
example: zmmboxsearch -m user1@yourdomain.com,user2@yourdomain.com -q “in:inbox” -d
/var/tmp

Trace messages
zmmsgtrace
Start, stop, or find the status of the MTA
zmmtaconfigctl
Start, stop, or find the status of the MTA
zmmtactl
Change logger MySQL password
zmmylogpasswd
Change MySQL passwords
zmmypasswd
Status of mailbox SQL instance
zmmysqlstatus
Start, stop, or find the status of the perdition IMAP
zmperditionctl
Start or stop IMAP proxy service
zmproxyctl
Performs full restores and incremental restores
zmrestore
Restore accounts from the LDAP backup
zmrestoreldap
Performs full restore when the Zimbra server
zmrestoreoffline
Start, stop, or find the status of saslauthd
zmsaslauthdctl
Schedule backups
zmschedulebackup
Used for other zm scripts, do not use
zmshutil
Retrieve spam and relocate it to a specified directory
zmspamextract
Start, stop, or find the status of the spell check
zmspellctl
server
Generate Zimbra’s SSH encryption keys
zmsshkeygen

Instalation with Kickstart

kickstart installations can be performed using a local CD-ROM, a local hard drive, or via NFS, FTP, or HTTP.

To use kickstart, you must:

1. Create a kickstart file.
2. Create a boot diskette with the kickstart file or make the kickstart file available on the network.
3. Make the installation tree available.
4. Start the kickstart installation.


fallowing this step:
1. mkdir –p /config/kickstart

2.Configure you NFS
vi /etc/exports
/config/kickstart *(ro,no_squash_root)

3. Run NFS
/etc/init.d/portmap restart
/etc/init.d/nfs restart
if you have any change your configuration run this command
exportfs –ra

4.Run Kicstart configuration
system-config-kickstart
(basic instalation, bootloader, partition, networking, authentication, firewall,
Xwindow, packet, etc)

5.Save Configuration
Klik File | save as => ks.cfg
mcopy ks.cfg a:

6. Now try boot with usb.floppy or disk
linux ks=floppy
linux ks=hd:fd0:/ks.cfg
linux ks=cdrom:/ks.cfg
ks=nfs:

Network printer with cups

Once you have set the IP address you can access the printer or print server using the ipp, lpd, or socket backends. The following is a list of common network interfaces and printer servers and the settings you should use with CUPS:

http://hostname:631/ipp/
http://hostname:631/ipp/port1

ipp://hostname/ipp/
ipp://hostname/ipp/port1

lpd://hostname/queue

socket://hostname
socket://hostname:9100


Let's we start to configure cups server :
1.open your browser and type url http://localhost:631 or http://ip-address:631
2.Klik Add Printer
3.Entry printer name(exp:pr) location and decription.
4.Choose your printer device


5.Choose Make/Manufakture your printer
6.Choose Model/Driver for printer
7.Enter username and Password for cups (exp: username:root password:1234)
8.Set printer option

9.Set as default for this printer
10.Print test page


Configuration for client cups:
1.open your browser and type url http://localhost:631 or http://ip-address:631/pr
2.Klik Add Printer
3.Entry printer name, location and decription.
4.Choose your printer device (you can use http exp: http://ip-adress-server/printers/pr




5.Choose Make/Manufakture your printer
6.Choose Model/Driver for printer
7.Enter username and Password for cups (exp: username:root password:password)
8.Set printer option
9.Set as default for this printer
10.Print test page

Quota user in Linux

For the implementation of disk quotas follow these steps:

1.Check whether your hard drive / and /home one partition or no.

1.Edit file /etc/fstab
/dev/hda5 /home ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 2

2. Make files db quota
touch /home/aquota.user
touch /home/aquota.group

3.Remount File System
mount -oremount /home

4.Make table current disk usage per file system
quotacheck -vug /home -m

5.quotaon
quotaon -vug /home

6.List quota
repquota -a

7. Make quota per user
setquota -u very 100000 110000 0 0 -a

have i nice try.

Instalation linux with NFS

NFS Configuration
Choose a directory in which to place the CD ISO images. For /media/cdrom, we'll call the directory /mnt/cdrom.

Export that directory via NFS
Do all this as user root. Once the install CD's are properly loaded in the directory, that directory must be made available on the local network. Add the following to /etc/exports:

vi /etc/exports

/mnt/cdrom 192.168.1.0/24 localhost(ro)


mkdir -p /mnt/cdrom


mount -t iso9660 -o ro /media/cdrom /mnt/cdrom

/etc/init.d/portmap restart
/etc/init.d/nfs start

test nfs for localhost

mkdir /mnt/nfs

mount -t nfs localhost:/mnt/cdrom /mnt/nfs

Now, you cek nfs for network

mount -t nfs 192.168.1.110:/mnt/cdrom /mnt/nfs

if mount success, then you make diskboot.

cd /mnt/cdrom/images

dd if=diskboot.img of=/dev/sda1

client
you must setting BIOS to firstboot to USB or Floppy, if its ok you type commnad :
boot: linux askmethod




If that command fails, or if you can't see the files and directories inside /mnt/cdrom, then something's wrong and you need to troubleshoot before moving on to the next step.
Check that you're not blocked by iptables
The iptables software relies on portmap to map some ports at high addresses. These high ports can change each time iptables is restarted. Therefore, these high ports can be blocked by the client machine's firewall, preventing NFS access. The solution is:

1. Force the high port to be known
2. Fix the firewall to pass these ports

Diagnosing the Problem
If you can't mount NFS shares and can't figure out why, try mounting them from localhost on the share host:

mount -t nfs -o ro localhost:/media/cdrom /mnt/cdrom

If the preceding works whereas mounts from other hosts do not, it's an excellent indication that you're firewall blocking your NFS. To really make sure, *very temporarily* create an overly permissive firewall. If the NFS mounting problem goes away, you have an iptables problem that can be fixed with iptables configuration.

Creation of an overly permissive firewall is described later in this article.
Finding or Creating Your iptables Configuration File
The usual config file for iptables is /etc/sysconfig/iptables., but it could be elsewhere. To find the location of the iptables configuration file, look in /etc/rc.d/init.d/iptables at the code in save(). This code contains an environment variable set to the intended location of the config file. On Mandy 9 boxes this is called $IPTABLES_CONFIG. Next look through /etc/rc.d/init.d/iptables to determine how that variable is set. In Mandy 9.0 it's set near the top of the file. Once you know the intended config file, you can look for it, and if it doesn't exist, you can create it.

Instead, the boot process builds up iptablescommand by command. In my opinion having the config file is much easier for troubleshooting. So if you don't have /etc/sysconfig/iptables, your first step is to create it.

WARNING

ALWAYS make absolutely sure there's no existing iptables config file before creating one, because overwriting your existing firewall is a terrible thing.

If you're sure you don't have a config file (look elsewhere besides /etc/sysconfig/iptables), use the following command to create one:

service iptables restart
service iptables save

The first command restarts iptables, putting it in a known state. The second writes the config file.

service iptables save


Don't create an overly permissive firewall if you're in an extremely hostile environment. Either disconnect the machine from the main network and test it with a small one not connected to the Internet (i.e. null modem cable or equivalent), or perform more troubleshooting steps to determine the nature of the problem without undue exposure to crackers.

Edit your firewall config file (probably /etc/sysconfig/iptables). Go to the filter chain, which starts with the string *filter. Right above the first -Aline in the filter chain, insert the following line:

[0:0] -A INPUT -j ACCEPT

The preceding line tells the filter chain to accept all packets from everywhere. Restart iptables and try your mount again. If it succeeds, you've toggled the symptom with the client firewall, so now you know where to troubleshoot.

To foil script kiddies, IMMEDIATELY remove the line you just inserted.
Allowing NFS Through Your Client Firewall
Your first step is to view the output of rpcinfo to see what ports you're using. The session might look something like this:

rpcinfo -p 192.168.100.2
program vers proto port
100000 2 tcp 111 portmapper
100000 2 udp 111 portmapper
100021 1 udp 32886 nlockmgr
100021 3 udp 32886 nlockmgr
100021 4 udp 32886 nlockmgr
100011 1 udp 808 rquotad
100011 2 udp 808 rquotad
100011 1 tcp 811 rquotad
100011 2 tcp 811 rquotad
100003 2 udp 2049 nfs
100003 3 udp 2049 nfs
100005 1 udp 32888 mountd
100005 1 tcp 33448 mountd
100005 2 udp 32888 mountd
100005 2 tcp 33448 mountd
100005 3 udp 32888 mountd
100005 3 tcp 33448 mountd
[root@mydesk root]#


In the preceding notice that the mountd daemon is assigned two different ports. Restart nfs, run rpcinfo again, and you'll likely see the ports change. The changes are due to the actions of the portmapper program. I think you'll agree that makes firewalling somewhat challenging.

The simplest solution is to hard code the mountd ports to a specific value. To do this, ON THE NFS SERVERedit the /etc/rc.d/init.d/nfsscript.

One solution is to create a script that grep's the output of the rpcinfo command, turns the mountd lines into iptables commands, and updates iptables. Workable, but a challenge, especially because each time you rerun the command you must remove the iptables lines from the previous run. An

Create one or more NFS aware boot floppies
WARNING

When using the dd command to write to device /dev/fd0, always wait until the command finishes AND the floppy light goes out before removing the floppy.

NOTE

If you have trouble finding reliable floppy media, you can Use the floppy image to create a bootable CD equivalent to the bootable floppy.

On most distros, the first CD contains a directory called images. This directory contains various images to make bootable floppies. Place a known good, write enabled floppy in the server's drive, and make your boot floppies:

umount /mnt/cdrom
mount -o loop,ro /media/cdrom/rh8iso /mnt/cdrom
dd if=/mnt/images/bootnet.img of=/dev/fd0

umount /mnt/cdrom
dd if=//images/network.img of=/dev/fd0

Primary Domain Controller (PDC)

Primary Domain Controller (PDC) is a server computer in a pre-Windows 2000 NT server Domain. A domain is a concept used in NT server operating systems whereby a user may be granted access to a number of computer resources with the use of a single username and password combination.

Such domains have at least a Primary Domain Controller, and will often have one or more Backup Domain Controllers (BDCs). The PDC has the master copy of the user accounts database which it can access and modify. The BDC computers have a copy of this database, but these copies are read-only. The PDC will replicate its account database to the BDCs on a regular basis. The BDCs exist in order to provide a backup to the PDC, and can also be used to authenticate users logging on to the network. If a PDC should fail, one of the BDCs can then be promoted to take its place. The PDC will usually be the first domain controller that was created unless it was replaced by a promoted BDC.

In later releases of Windows, such as Windows 2000, NT 4 type domains have been superseded by Active Directory. In Active Directory domains, the concept of Primary and Backup Domain Controllers doesn't exist. Instead, the domain controllers in these domains are all considered to be equal in that all controllers have full access to the accounts databases stored on their machines.

However, in these later releases of Windows, an Active Directory FSMO role named PDC emulator master does exist in each domain. This PDC emulator master does not have the same special role in replication as the Primary Domain Controller in pre-Windows 2000 systems, but does have certain additional responsibilities:

* The PDC emulator master acts in place of the Primary Domain Controller if there are Windows NT 4.0 domain controllers (BDCs) remaining within the domain, acting as a source for them to replicate from.
* The PDC emulator master receives preferential replication of password changes within the domain. As password changes take time to replicate across all the domain controllers in an Active Directory domain, the PDC emulator master receives notification of password changes immediately, and if a logon attempt fails at another domain controller, that domain controller will forward the logon request to the PDC emulator master before rejecting it.
* The PDC emulator master also serves as the machine to which all domain controllers in the domain will synchronise their clocks. It, in turn, should be configured to synchronise to an external NTP time source.

PDC has been faithfully recreated on the Samba emulation of Microsoft's SMB client/server system.

this is configuration in file /etc/samba/smb.conf

[global]
# smb.conf is the main Samba configuration file. You find a full commented
# version at /usr/share/doc/packages/samba/examples/smb.conf if the
# samba-doc package is installed.
# Date: 2005-09-13
[global]
workgroup = NAUFAL-NT
netbios name = NAUFAL-PDC
map to guest
logon path = \\%L\profiles\%U
logon drive = P:
add machine script = /usr/sbin/useradd -c Machine -d /dev/null -s /bin/false %m$
domain logons = Yes
domain master = Yes
local master = Yes
os level = 75
preferred master = Yes
security = user
encrypt password = Yes
[homes]
comment = Home Directories
valid users = %S
browseable = No
read only = No
inherit acls = Yes
[netlogon]
comment = Network Logon Service
path = /var/lib/samba/netlogon
write list = root
[profiles]
comment = Network Profiles Service
path = /var/lib/samba/profiles
read only = No
create mask = 0600
directory mask = 0700
inherit acls = Yes
[printers]
comment = All Printers
path = /var/tmp
printable = Yes
create mask = 0600
browseable = No

Theb you make password for user root samba :
# smbpasswd -a root
Make directory for share profile anda netlogon

# mkdir -p /var/lib/samba/netlogon
# mkdir -p /var/lib/samba/profiles
# chmod 1777 /var/lib/samba/profiles
# /etc/init.d/smb restart
#testparam

This some picture if you have trouble connection from windows to pdc:










then you restart your computer, login with username and password samba.




now you must modifikasi your registry, type regedit in run program


then you choose HKEY LOCAL MACHINE |Current controlset | Service | Netlogon |Parameters

change 1 with 0

bootloader in linux

Boot loader in linux

The boot loader phase varies by platform. Since the earlier phases are not specific to the OS, the boot process is considered to start:

* For x86 or x86-64: when the partition boot sector code is executed in real mode and loads the first stage boot loader (typically a part of LILO or GRUB).

From that point, the boot process continues as follows:

The first stage boot loader loads the remainder of the boot loader, which typically gives a prompt asking which operating system (or type of session) the user wishes to initialize. Under LILO, this is done via the map installer which reads the configuration file /etc/lilo.conf to identify the available systems. It includes data such as boot partition and kernel location for each, as well as customized options if any. Upon selection, the appropriate kernel is loaded into RAM memory as an image file ("initrd"), and along with the appropriate parameters, control is passed to it.

LILO and GRUB differ in some ways:

* LILO does not understand file systems, so it uses raw disk offsets and the BIOS for data load. It loads the menu code, and then depending on the response loads either the 512 byte disk sectors for an MBR system such as Microsoft Windows, or the kernel image for Linux.
* GRUB by contrast does have understanding of the common ext2 and ext3 file systems. Because GRUB stores its data in a configuration file rather than the MBR and contains a command line interface, it is often easier to rectify or modify GRUB if misconfigured or corrupt.

GRUB

Source: Red Hat GRUB description.

1. The first stage loader is read by the BIOS from the MBR (master boot record).
2. The first stage loads the rest of the boot loader (second stage). If the second stage is on a large drive, sometimes an intermediate 1.5 stage is loaded, which contains extra code to allow cylinders above 1024, or LBA type drives, to be read. The 1.5 boot loader is stored (if needed) in the MBR or the boot partition.
3. The second stage boot loader executes, and displays the GRUB startup menu. It also allows choice of operating environment, and examination of system parameters.
4. When an operating system is chosen, it is loaded and control is passed.

GRUB supports both direct and chain-loading boot methods, LBA, ext2, and "a true command-based, pre-OS environment on x86 machines". It contains three interfaces: a selection menu, a configuration editor, and a command line console.

LILO

LILO, the older of the two boot loaders, is almost identical to GRUB in process, except that it does not contain a command line interface. Thus all changes must be made to its configuration and written to the MBR, and then the system restarted. An error in configuration can therefore leave a disk unable to be booted without use of a separate boot device (floppy disk etc) containing a program capable of fixing this. Additionally it does not understand file systems, instead locations of image files are stored within the MBR directly and the BIOS is used to access them directly.

Loadlin


Yet another way to boot Linux is from DOS or Windows 9x, where the Linux kernel completely replaces the running copy of this operating system. This can be useful in the case of hardware which needs to be switched on via software and for which such configuration programs are only available for DOS, whereas not for Linux, those being proprietary to the manufacturer and kept an industry secret. This tedious booting method is less necessary nowadays, as Linux has drivers for a multitude of hardware devices, but it used to be helpful in the past.
Another case is when the Linux is located on a storage device which is not available to the BIOS for booting: DOS or Windows can load the appropriate drivers to make up for the BIOS limitation, and boot Linux from there.

simple manual linux

In Linux, the flow of control during a boot is from BIOS, to boot loader, to kernel. The kernel then starts the scheduler (to allow multi-tasking) and runs Init (which sets up the user environment and allows user interaction and login), at which point the kernel goes idle unless called externally.

In detail:

1. The BIOS performs hardware-platform specific startup tasks
2. Once the hardware is recognized and started correctly, the BIOS loads and executes the partition boot code from the designated boot device, which contains phase 1 of a Linux boot loader. Phase 1 loads phase 2 (the bulk of the boot loader code). Some loaders may use an intermediate stage to achieve this (known as phase 1.5) since modern large disks may not be fully readable without further code.
3. The boot loader often presents the user with a menu of possible boot options. It then loads the kernel, which decompresses into memory, and sets up system functions such as essential hardware and memory paging, before calling start_kernel().
4. start_kernel() then performs the majority of system setup (interrupts, the rest of memory management, device initialization, drivers, etc) before spawning separately, the idle process and scheduler, and the Init process (which is executed in user space).
5. The scheduler effectively takes control of the system management, as the kernel goes dormant .
6. The Init process executes scripts as needed that set up all non-kernel services and structures in order to allow a user environment to be created, and then presents the user with a login screen.

On shutdown, Init is called to close down all user space functionality in a controlled manner, again via scripted directions, following which Init terminates and the Kernel executes its own shutdown.

linux basic

berfore you start command, you must know man pages or help for command

1.info (read info document)
info ls

2.man (manual pages)
man date
man ls

3.help
ls --help
date --help

4.apropos (search the manual page names and descriptions)
apropos copy
apropos remove

5.whatis (display manual page descriptions)
whatis cp
whatis ls

if command apropos and whatis not work, you must build database for what is type this command /usr/sbin/makewhatis

The majority of linux commands is :
command-name [-option] [argument]

alias Create an alias
at Schedule a job to run in the future.
awk Find and Replace text within file(s)
break Exit from a loop
builtin Run a shell builtin
bunzip2 Decompress file from bzip2 format
bzip2 Compress file to bzip2 format
cal Display a calendar
case Conditionally perform a command
cat Concatenate files to standard output
cd Change Directory
cfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux
chgrp Change group ownership
chmod Change access permissions
chown Change file owner and group
chroot Run a command with a different root directory
chvt Change the virtual Terminal
cksum Print CRC checksum and byte counts
clear Clear terminal screen
cmp Compare two files
comm Compare two sorted files line by line
command Run a command - ignoring shell functions
compress Compress file(s) to old Unix compress format
continue Resume the next iteration of a loop
convmv A perl script that converts filenames from one encoding to another
cp Copy one or more files to another location
cron Daemon to execute scheduled commands at predefined time
crontab Schedule a command to run at a later time
csplit Split a file into context-determined pieces
cut Divide a file into several parts
date Display or change the date & time
dc Desk Calculator
dd Data Dump - Convert and copy a file
declare Declare variables and give them attributes
df Display free disk space
diff Display the differences between two files
diff3 Show differences among three files
dir Briefly list directory contents
dircolors Colour setup for `ls'
dirname Convert a full pathname to just a path
dirs Display list of remembered directories
du Estimate file space usage
echo Display message on screen
ed A line-oriented text editor (edlin)
egrep Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression
eject Eject CD-ROM
enable Enable and disable builtin shell commands
env Disp, set, or remove environment variables
eval Evaluate several commands/arguments
exec Execute a command
exit Exit the shell
expand Convert tabs to spaces
export Set an environment variable
expr Evaluate expressions
factor Print prime factors
false Do nothing, unsuccessfully
fdformat Low-level format a floppy disk
fdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux
fgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string
file Determine type of file
find Search for files that meet a desired criteria
fmt Reformat paragraph text
fold Wrap text to fit a specified width.
for Expand words, and execute commands
format Format disks or tapes
free Disp, s memory usage
fsck Filesystem consistency check and repair.
fstat List open files
function Define Function Macros
fuser Identify process using file
gawk Find and Replace text within file(s)
getopts Parse positional parameters
grep Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern
groups Print group names a user is in
gunzip Decompress file(s) from GNU zip format
gzcat Show contents of compressed file(s)
gzip Compress file(s) to GNU zip format
hash Remember the full pathname of a name argument
head Output the first part of file(s)
history Command History
hostnamePrint or set system name
iconv Converts the encoding of characters from one code page encoding scheme to another.
id Print user and group id's
if Conditionally perform a command
import Capture an X server screen and save the image to file
info Help info
install Copy files and set attributes
join Join lines on a common field
kill Stop a process from running
less Display output one screen at a time
let Perform arithmetic on shell variables
ln Make links between files
local Create variables
locate Find files
logname Print current login name
logout Exit a login shell
lpc Line printer control program
lpr Off line print
lprint Print a file
lprintd Abort a print job
lprintq List the print queue
lprm Remove jobs from the print queue
ls List information about file(s)
ll #ls -l List information about file(s)
lsof List open files
m4 Macro processor
makewhatis Rebuild whatis database
man Print manual pages
mkdir Create new folder(s)
mkfifo Make FIFOs (named pipes)
mknod Make block or character special files
more Display output one screen at a time
mount Mount a file system
mtools Manipulate MS-DOS files
mv Move or rename files or directories
netconfig Configure your network
nice Set the priority of a command or job
nl Number lines and write files
nohup Run a command immune to hangup
od View binary files
passwd Modify a user password
paste Merge lines of files
pathchk Check file name portability
popd Restore the previous value of the current directory
pr Convert text files for printing
printcap Printer capability database
printenv Print environment variables
printf Format and print data
ps Process status
pushd Save and then change the current directory
pwd Print Working Directory
quota Display disk usage and limits
quotacheck Scan a file system for disk usage
quotactl Set disk quotas
pax Archive file(s)
ram ram disk device
rcp Copy files between two machines.
read read a line from standard input
readonly Mark variables/functions as readonly
remsync Synchronize remote files via email
return Exit a shell function
rm Remove (delete) files
rmdir Remove folder(s)
rpm RPM Package Manager (was RedHat Package Manager)
rsync Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)
screen Terminal window manager
sdiff Merge two files interactively
sed Stream Editor
select Accept keyboard input
seq Print numeric sequences
set Manipulate shell variables and functions
shift Shift positional parameters
shopt Shell Options
shutdown Shutdown or restart linux
sleep Delay for a specified time
sort Sort text files
source Run commands from a file `.'
split Split a file into fixed-size pieces
strings print the strings of printable characters in (binary) files.
su Substitute user identity
sum Print a checksum for a file
symlink Make a new name for a file
sync Synchronize data on disk with memory
tac Print files out in reverse line order
tail Output the last part of files
tar Tape ARchiver
tee Redirect output to multiple files
test Evaluate a conditional expression
time Measure Program Resource Use
times User and system times
timidity Play midi files and set up software synth to play midi files with other commands.
touch Change file timestamps
top List processes running on the system
traceroute Trace Route to Host
trap Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)
tr Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
true Do nothing, successfully
tsort Topological sort
tty Print filename of terminal on stdin
type Describe a command
ulimit Limit user resources
umask Users file creation mask
umount Unmount a filesystem
unalias Remove an alias
uname Print system information
unexpand Convert spaces to tabs
uniq Uniquify files (remove all duplicate lines)
units Convert units from one scale to another
unset Remove variable or function names
unshar Unpack shell archive scripts
until Execute commands (until error)
useradd Create new user account
usermod Modify user account
users List users currently logged in
uuencode Encode a binary file into 7-bit ASCII characters
uudecode Decode a file created by uuencode
v Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')
vdir Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')
watch Execute/display a program periodically
whatis List manual pages by name
wc Print byte, word, and line counts of a file
whereis Report all known instances of a command
which Locate a program file in the user's path.
while Execute commands
who Print all usernames currently logged in
whoami Print the current user id and name (`id -un')
xargs Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)
yes Print a string until interrupted
zcat Show contents of compressed file(s)
zip Compress and archive file(s) to zip format
.period Run commands from a file
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